[ 극야 : 혁명의 잔재 ]
[ 4대 팩션 ]
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| 브라질 제국 Império do Brasil | |||
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| 국기 | 국장 | ||
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| Independência ou Morte! 자유가 아니면 죽음을! | |||
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 혁명은 브라질에 직접적인 영향을 미치지는 않았지만, 바다를 건너 황제 페드로의 가슴 한켠까지 그 영향력이 도달하기는 충분했습니다. 사랑받는 황제 페드로는 유럽에서 일어난 성공적인 혁명을 신대륙에 도입하기 위해 제국 내에서 자유주의적 접근을 했고, 그 결과 급속한 산업화가 이루어졌습니다. 노동자에 대한 수요가 증가함에 따라, 노예제는 1870년대에 폐지되었고, 많은 이민자의 물결이 제국에 밀려왔고, 도시들은 높아졌으며, 사람들의 삶은 영원히 바뀌었습니다. 미국 내전과 제2차 플라타 전쟁 이후, 브라질은 아메리카 대륙에서 가장 크고 번영하는 국가로 안정되었습니다. 하지만, 오래 묵은 공화주의 같은 문제와 더불어 사회주의 영향력과 종교적 긴장감과 같은 새로운 문제들이 제국을 세계적인 열강으로써 성공하는데 걸림돌이 될 것입니다.. |
개요
브라질 제국은 남아메리카에 존재하는 국가이다.
역사
After the success in the revolutions, Pedro II started to take a liberal approach, in order to fit the country in the international scenario. The first impact was the “Imports and finances acts of 1849”, a series of laws regarding importation of machinery from European countries and regulating the industrial and economic activity. With this, a lot of industrialists and investors became free to invest and import machinery. On the other side, the landowners, that had a lot of political power at that time, became discontent with the act at first, but as the machinery started to arrive in the markets, their production increased and their gains grew up, they started to support the new government approach, at least the majority.
In 1853, the slavery acts of 1853, or the Mauá Laws passed in the chamber of deputies and in the senate, a law that abolished most of the slave traffic, trade and made all slaves over 60 and under 10 free. All newborn blacks would also be free. Those laws made the landowners, which used slaves in a large scale, furious with the government and with the emperor. They strongly protested against the acts in the chamber and in the imperial senate, later splitting from the mainstream conservative party, creating the federalist party. They got supporters within landowners and with some industrialists, who refused to use hired workers in their factories.
As of 1860, the largest industrial centers were Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Curitiba and Porto Alegre, with a growing northeastern industry as well. Railways have been opened, connecting most of the cities by trains, as well as the interior. Manaus, the largest city in the Amazon Rainforest, opened its first train station in 1869, but no bridge in the Amazonas river were built, so all trains arrive at the south shore of the river.
With the money profits from industrialization, Dom Pedro II invested large amounts of the GDP in universities, but most important, he invested in basic education, seeking to fix the widespread illiteracy that haunted the nation.
São Paulo grew so much that it’s population tripled in just ten years, a result of a great rural exodus. Some analysts previewed that it would become the largest Brazilian capital in 30 years. This of course came with large suburbs and poor areas, that became integrated with the downtown with enough time.
A few revolts happened since 1848, but none of them were important in a national context, only affected the provincial governments, but made the army and most important, the navy, gain more power and prestige. Brazil supported the Colorado party in Uruguay, During the “Guerra contra Aguirre”, in order to have it in their influence sphere. After the victory, lots of Brazilian business and factories settled in the small country. Argentina, defeated, saw itself in an economic crisis. Argentinian landowners and businessmen toured Brazilian fairs in order to buy equipment, that would be used later on their farms, making Argentina another economic Brazilian Puppet. The federalist party gained power within the Army and both the conservative and the liberal party found their way in the navy. As of 1864, Brazil launched its first Ironclad, the first one built in the country. During the ceremony, Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, later known as the “Duque de Caxias”, made a spell in which he claimed Brazil as the “Master of the American continent” and “Launched the Brazilian Manifest destiny”
When the American Civil War erupted in North America, the Brazilian position until 1864 was total neutrality. This changed after Lima e Silva started to send equipment to the confederacy, in order to keep the war raging as long as possible. He said, when asked in the senate by a federalist senator about the reason of the support: “We won’t support the Confederacy because of their casus belli or their morals, but because of Brazil. They call themselves ‘ The America’, well, for us, two ‘Americas’ are better than one.”
In March 1864, a unionist ship sunk two Brazilian ships, killing most of their crew. After this, the navy escorted the ships, resulting in the Bahamas skirmish, were unionist ships fired against the Brazilian ships, making the Brazilian navy to answer, causing a small battle that resulted in four unionist ships sunk and two Brazilian ships sunk and one damaged. Even with this, the support won’t stop until December 1864.
After the war, Brazil and Union met at Havana to sign the American Naval treaty, compromising themselves to not invade each other's territorial seas. The treaty also ensured Brazilian dominance over the southern Atlantic. No unionist ships would cross the equator line in the Atlantic Ocean before warning the Brazilian navy first. Between 1850 and 1870, the Paraguayan government supported its landowners to buy Brazilian machinery, in order to increase production. The government also opened factories, all of them with imported machinery from Brazil and France. Solano López adopted conscription and started to increase the army and the navy, even with this, most of their equipment was still bought from European countries.
After the reforms that Solano and his father promoted in the small landlocked country, he decided that was the time to attack. The war started with the seizure of the Brazilian Steamship “Marquês de Olinda”, in protest, Brazil blocked the Paraná and the Plata river, and got answered by an invasion of the Paraguayan army in January. The Paraguayan army captured Cuiabá without major resistance in March 1865.
López plans for the Greater Paraguay included invading the province of Rio Grande do Sul, but it was out of their range because of the Argentinian territory. They asked to cross, but the Argentinian government, feared about a retaliation from the Brazilian navy, which could be seen from Buenos Aires blocking the Plata river, denied the request, causing Paraguay to invade the Argentinian territories. After this, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay signed the Treaty of the Triple Alliance, against Paraguay. The war raged from 1865 to 1870, with more than 150.000 Brazilian troops involved. During the initial phase of the war, the Allied armies couldn’t organize themselves to achieve a victory, due to the harsh conditions, inexperienced commanders and low supplies. This changed after Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, or the “Duke of Caxias” arrived at the front. He organized the army, brought equipment and ordered the construction of a temporary railway to supply the troops. The outcome of the war changed after successful allied victories against López’ armies. The major naval battle was the Battle of Riachuelo, which sealed the destiny of Paraguay with the destruction of most of their navy. The alliance destroyed the Paraguayan army, and after the capture of Asunción, only the Brazilian Army was still at war. Luís Filipe Gastão de Orléans, the Count D’eu, assumed the Brazilian army on its final phase, that is called the “Lopez manhunt”. The war ended in March 1870, with the death of Solano López. After the war, Argentina and Brazil seized parts of the Paraguayan territory, and the country was forced to pay heavy war reparations. Brazilian businessmen seized the opportunity and filled the country with their factories and business. This made the Argentinian government to withdraw from the Treaty of the Triple alliance.
After the war, lots of blacks, most of them former slaves, started to request their freedom. They got support in all parties. This led to the “Áurea Law”, signed in 1871 by princess Isabel, even with the fear that the monarchy might fell beacause of it, that abolished slavery in Brazil. This made the federalists strongly against the government, claiming for a republic. They sought support within the low class but were mainly unsuccessful. The emperor’s prestige was too high after the victory in the war. Finally, they got support in the army, discontent with some policies after the war. This led to the Republican revolt of 1889, in which army officers tried to coup the government, but they were crushed by the navy Marines and loyal army officers. Most of the rebellious got arrested or executed and the Navy prestige increased. Many federalists got charged with treason and went into exile.
After the attempted coup, republican movements lost their strength and the empire renewed its stability until the death of Dom Pedro II in 1891, when Isabel I was crowned the first empress of Brazil.
A stable period followed her coronation until 1894, when Argentina started to threat Uruguay for submission and military access. The Count d’Eu pressured the parliament and the Empress to safeguard the Uruguayan independence, resulting in an overall distrust of the population and parliament, fearing that the Count would be the facto chief-of-state. The Brazilian government officially guaranteed Uruguayan independence. This led to the Laguna incident, that ended with the Laguna light ship sunk by a Argentinian ship. Argentina left the treaty of the Triple Alliance and troops crossed the Plata river and Argentinian ships bombed Montevideo. The Brazilian navy answered with a large fleet and a land invasion, mostly by the Navy since the army was in a bad operation status since lots of officers were dead, exiled or in Prison, but some divisions participated in the land invasion from the Rio Grande do Sul province.
The war raged for two years, ending in June 27, 1896, when Brazilian troops marched in Buenos Aires, having conquered all the Plata bay. Argentina was forced to pay war reparations and Uruguay fully entered the Brazilian sphere of influence. After the 2nd Plata war, Brazil was the sole ruler of the Latin America.
The Isabel reign kept instable, culminating in the Brazilian war declaration against France, in the side of Britain. French submarines sunk Brazilian vessels. After the war, two of the sons of Isabel were dead and the parliament's trust in the empress was very low, as well as the population. Isabel resigned the throne in favor of Pedro of Saxe-Coburg and Bragança, grandson of Pedro II, who was well known by the chamber of deputies and the population.
His reign is very stable, despite some issues, such as the religion act, the fact that he has no sons and the increasing radicalization, and the future seems bright for the Empire of The Americas.